Peppermint, known by its scientific name Mentha piperita, contains several active ingredients that contribute to its pain-relieving properties. The primary active ingredients of peppermint include:
1- Menthol: This is perhaps the most well-known compound in mint. Menthol has cooling and analgesic properties that can help reduce pain by desensitizing the nerve endings responsible for pain sensation.
2- Menthone: Another important ingredient in peppermint, Menthone, also has analgesic properties and contributes to the overall pain relief effects of mint.
3-Menthyl Acetate: This compound contributes to the mint aroma and also has mild analgesic properties.
4- Rosmarinic acid: This is a phenolic compound found in mint with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It can help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress associated with pain conditions.
5- Limonene: Limonene is a natural compound found in mint with anti-inflammatory properties. It can help reduce inflammation and pain associated with inflammatory conditions.
The mechanism of action :
The pain relief effects of peppermint are primarily attributed to its active ingredients, especially menthol. The mechanism of action includes several pathways:
1- Activation of TRPM8 receptors: Menthol, the primary compound in peppermint, activates TRPM8 receptors located at the end of the sensory nerve. The activation of these receptors creates a feeling of coolness and prevents the transmission of pain signals to the brain, thus reducing the perception of pain.
2- Modulation of calcium channels: It has been shown that menthol modulates calcium channels that are involved in the transmission of pain signals. By blocking these channels, menthol reduces the influx of calcium ions into nerve cells, which helps reduce pain signals.
3- Anti-inflammatory effects: compounds such as rosmarinic acid and limonene in mint have anti-inflammatory properties. They inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and prostaglandins, which play a role in the inflammatory response and contribute to the sensation of pain.
4- Muscle relaxation: Peppermint oil used topically can help relax tense muscles, which can reduce pain caused by tension and muscle spasms.
Overall, the combination of these mechanisms contributes to the analgesic and pain-relieving effects of peppermint.